Articles and Annotated Bibliography
Article 1
Schipper, Hyman M, et al., “Chapter 8: Glial HO-1 Suppression as a Neuroprotective Strategy in
Alzheimer’s Disease.” Advances in Alzheimer's Research, Bentham Science Publishers, 2014, pp. 214–228.
Bibliography
Annotation
In the article, the authors discussed how the HO-1 protein, which is significantly over-expressed in AD-affected temporal cortex and hippocampus, could be a cause of what causes Alzheimer’s disease. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a 32 kDa stress protein that catabolizes heme to biliverdin, free iron and carbon other tissues in various models of disease and trauma. In their experiment they targeted suppression of glial HO-1 hyperactivity may prove to be a rational and effective neurotherapeutic intervention in AD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
Potential Quotes
“Attenuation of neuropathology and behavioural toxicity in the APPswe/PS1 mice by treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor, OB-24 would flag HO-1 as a potential therapeutic target in the management of AD and possibly other aging-related human neurodegenerative diseases” (223)
Assessment
The authors can be assumed to be credible because their book was published by a well read publishing company. Their writing style discussed their experiment objectively rather than stating their opinions. The only bias they may have is that one of the instruments they made was used during the experiment, but it was disclosed in the chapter.
Reflection
I could use their experiment as one of the ways that Alzheimer’s disease is being researched. Their research was very detailed and though it is not being used on humans their impressive results that they had on mice would lead me to believe that it could be implemented on humans.
Article 2
“Focused Ultrasound May Open Door to Alzheimer's Treatment.”
Medical Xpress - Medical Research Advances and Health News, Medical Xpress, 3 Dec. cl2019,https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-12-focused-ultrasound-door-alzheimer-treatment.html.
Bibliography
Annotation
Previously, scientists have struggled to get past the blood-brain barrier, a barrier that removes foreign substances causing the injection of medication in the brain to be difficult. However, with the use of low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), the blood-brain barrier can be opened to allow for medication to access the targeted area. The use of LIFU was tested on animals and had promising results for humans. A clinical trial led by Ali Rezai, M.D., director of the West Virginia University (WVU) Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute proved that LIFU could be used on humans, but further testing regarding the side effects of LIFU need to be conducted. In addition to allowing treatment to pass through the barrier, LIFU used can also have beneficial effects.
Potential Quotes
“Even without drugs, opening of the brain-blood barrier in animals has shown positive effects, Dr. Mehta said. These effects may be due to increased flow of the fluid that cleans the brain of toxic substances, from an immune response triggered by the opening, or by some combination of the two.”
“For the new study, researchers delivered LIFU to specific sites in the brain critical to memory in three women, age 61, 72 and 73, with early-stage Alzheimer's disease and evidence of amyloid plaques—abnormal clumps of protein in the brain that are linked with Alzheimer's disease. The patients received three successive treatments at two-week intervals. Researchers tracked them for bleeding, infection and edema, or fluid buildup.”
“MRI-guided LIFU involves placement of a helmet over the patient's head after they are positioned in the MRI scanner. The helmet is equipped with more than 1,000 separate ultrasound transducers angled in different orientations. Each transducer delivers sound waves targeted to a specific area of the brain. Patients also receive an injection of contrast agent made up of microscopic bubbles. Once ultrasound is applied to the target area, the bubbles oscillate, or change size and shape.”
Assessment
The article is written by the Radiology Society of North America and was published on a reputable site. The article also references well-established colleges, institutions, and doctors. It was also written recently showing that the information provided is up to date.
Reflection
I want to use this source to show one of the methods being researched currently to cure Alzheimer's disease. I would include the quotes from the article about the process used as well as the conclusion reached by the scientists who conducted the study.
Article 3
Schipper, Hyman M, et al., “Chapter 8: Glial HO-1 Suppression as a Neuroprotective Strategy in
Alzheimer’s Disease.” Advances in Alzheimer's Research, Bentham Science Publishers, 2014, pp. 214–228.
Annotation
Potential Quotes
Assessment
Bibliography
Reflection
In the article, the authors discussed how the HO-1 protein, which is significantly over-expressed in AD-affected temporal cortex and hippocampus, could be a cause of what causes Alzheimer’s disease. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a 32 kDa stress protein that catabolizes heme to biliverdin, free iron and carbon other tissues in various models of disease and trauma. In their experiment they targeted suppression of glial HO-1 hyperactivity may prove to be a rational and effective neurotherapeutic intervention in AD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
“Attenuation of neuropathology and behavioural toxicity in the APPswe/PS1 mice by treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor, OB-24 would flag HO-1 as a potential therapeutic target in the management of AD and possibly other aging-related human neurodegenerative diseases” (223)
The authors can be assumed to be credible because their book was published by a well read publishing company. Their writing style discussed their experiment objectively rather than stating their opinions. The only bias they may have is that one of the instruments they made was used during the experiment, but it was disclosed in the chapter.
I could use their experiment as one of the ways that Alzheimer’s disease is being researched. Their research was very detailed and though it is not being used on humans their impressive results that they had on mice would lead me to believe that it could be implemented on humans.